LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 







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SOME ELEMENTS 



OF 



Hebrew Grammar, 



1/ 

Rev. RANDALL C. HALL, D.D., 

; Clement C. Moore " Professor of the Hebrew and Greek 
Languages in the General Theological Seminary. 



3f 



/* 



THIRD EDITION. 




PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR 

FOR THE USE OF HIS CLASSES. 
New York, 1888. 






^5 v ~a^ 



.f 



Copyright by 
RANDALL C. HALL. 

1888. 



PRESS OF 
«TET7INER, LAMBERT 4 C 
22, 24 & 26 READE 6T , 
NEW YORK. 



SYLLABLES. 



1. Every syllable must begin with a consonant, ex- 
cept that a word may begin with ). 

The syllable may end — 

(a) With a vowel. Such a syllable is called pure, 
or open, or simple. 

(b) With a consonant, or possibly at the end of 
a word with two consonants. Such a syllable is 
called mixed or closed. 

2. A syllable is called intermediate (also half open or 
half closed) when it is, strictly speaking, neither 
pure nor mixed, but wavers between these two 
states. 

The consonant, frequently a guttural, which 
tends to close it, tends also to begin the next 
syllable, and belongs, therefore, in a measure to 

/ 
the two syllables, e. g., the first syllable in nj?i% 

iDJp> 1PJJ 0^3j£ qMha-aMm', ^D 
maj'khey', F&hb <#• J'lath, V^jpp qi^t'li' (fern. 

of ^CDp q'tol), the first two syllables of HpJP 

Intermediate syllables thus wavering between 
the natures of pure and mixed, some look like 



2 

pure syllables, others like mixed, and in some 
cases grammarians disagree as to their classifica- 
tion. 



§ 3. The nature of the syllable depends on the devel- 
opment of the word to which it belongs. Thus, in 

the qal imperative 7C0p the ^ is joined to j 

in forming a syllable. In forming from this the 
feminine, the addition of the termination "> • breaks 
up the mixed syllable, and removes its vowel — 
thus, "^COp. The {Q then tends to join p in 

forming a new syllable ^EDp (for the first vowel 

see § 41); but it tends also to retain its old union 
with 7 in forming a syllable, as is shown by the 
vocal shVa under it, qi^t'li'. Thus the first syllable 
is intermediate, and the vocal slrVa echoes the 
dropped vowel. 

§ 4. Hence, conversely, the analysis of a word is often 
aided by knowing the nature of a syllable, and 

thus its etymology is determined. Thus if □3'1 {< 

"t : t 

(Hos. vii. 6) were an infinitive, the first syllable 
would be intermediate, which it cannot be, as 
shown by the daghesh in 3' § 28. For the de- 
velopment of the infinitive see § 106. 

§ 5. An asyllabic addition is an affix or suffix which in 
itself is not a syllable— e. g., Q^ , J% ), pj >Q> 

T 



3 
Affixes and Suffixes. 

G. Affixes and suffixes are additions to the ends of 
words. 

The suffixes and some of the affixes are frag- 
ments of pronouns. 

The affixes show the gender, number, and per- 
son of words which they terminate. 

The suffixes represent the oblique cases of pro- 
nouns, and have retained even in Hebrew more 
of their identity and independence than the af- 
fixes, but in Latin and Greek they are expressed 

by separate words. In ^j^tJjh the !) is an affix,, 
and the ^ a suffix. In inD^ID D is an affix * 

T T 

and ) a suffix. 



AOOEKT. 



7. Accents may or may not mark the tone. An ac- 
cent is called prepositive when it is always on the 
first letter of a word, without regard to the tone. 
An accent is called postpositive when it is always 
on the last letter of a word, without regard to the 
tone. 

Those accents which mark the tone are either 
above or below the first consonant of the tone syl- 
lable. If below, they are to the left of any 
vowel point which may be under the consonant. 
Methegh likewise is attached to the first consonant 



of its syllable and to the left of any vowel point 
which may be under the consonant. 

In this manual the tone is marked over the 
word by an oblique stroke, and is thus distin- 
guished from methegh. 



TONE. 



8. When the tone is on the ultimate, a word is called 
milra (from below); when on the penult, it is 
called milel (from above). 

(a) The tone is never further back than the 
penult — i. e., two syllables. 

(b) Vocal sh'va is a vowel sound, and with its 
consonant counts half a syllable in the laws of ac- 
centuation. [Hence a sh'va after the tone is usu- 
ally silent. But in cases of a paragogic vowel, 
e. g. y j"| local and "> , Ps. ciii. 3, and when a con- 
junctive recedes before a disjunctive, the tone may 
stand back, e. g., to the right of vocal sh'va; 
in other words, be two and a half syllables back.] 

(c) The tone is called recessive when it is as far 
back as rules permit. This position is called the 
tone limit. 

9. No tone rests on 

(a) A letter with sh'va, or with a vowel which 
has arisen from compound sh'va, cf. § 10 (c). 

(b) A helping vowel (especially of a segholate) 

/ 
unless the word be a monosyllable, e. g., 7TD1D* 



(c) n paragogic of nouns, particularly p| local. 
[Other things being equal, the tone usually avoids 
a paragogic vowel. But ^ paragogic of nouns 

takes tone, Ps. cxiii.] 

Remark. — § 9 takes precedence when conflicting 

with other rules, e. g., with §§ 11 and 16, Ti /]2> 

nb6p 



10. A long vowel cannot stand in a mixed syllable, 
nor a short vowel in a pare syllable, without tone, 
or, as in some cases, methegh. 

(a) If, therefore, in developing a word a long 
vowel is left beyond the tone limit in a mixed 
syllable, it must be shortened; or if a short vowel 
is left in a pure syllable beyond the tone limit, it 
must be lengthened, or else daghesh forte must be 
inserted in the following consonant to preserve 
the vowel short, hence called daghesh forte con- 
servative. 

(1) A change of quantity often involves a 
change of quality, particularly in the case of the 
last four vowels — e and i, o and u, cf. § 33. 

(b) The tone tends to lengthen the short vowel 
of a pure syllable, and in some cases of a mixed 
ultimate. 

(c) The vowel of an intermediate syllable is 
short and unaccented. 

11. Words in their uninflected state usually take tone 
on the ultimate. 



6 
Position op Toxe ox Verbs. 

§ 12. The vowel of the second radical takes the tone 
when rules permit. 

§ 13. In the preterite 1st and 2d masculine singular 
with yav conversive, the tone is on the ultimate 
(to distinguish from the same forms with vav 
conjunctive), except sometimes when the penult 
is pure, and also when a conjunctive recedes be- 
fore a disjunctive. 

§ 14. The future 2d and 3d singular with vav conver- 
sive take tone on the penult, if the penult is pure 
and the ultimate mixed. 

Kemark. — §§ 13 and 14 often fail to affect a 
pause accent. 

§ 15. Some apocopated futures being properly segho- 
lates, follow the rule for segholates. See § 9 (b). 

Toxe as Affected by Affixes akd Suffixes. 

§ 16. An asyllabic addition to a noun takes tone (also 
the initial vowel of Q" 1 and Tfl ). 

§ 17. An asyllabic addition to a verb — 

(a) If affix, does not affect the tone unless 
other rules require. 

(b) If suffix, draws the tone forward one syl- 
lable. 

§ 18. The addition of a pure syllable requires recessive 
[§ 8 (c)] tone. 



19. The addition of a mixed syllable takes tone on 
itself. 

20. Participles, infinitives, adjectives, and preposi- 
tions, are accented as nouns. Also participles 
and adjectives are inflected as nouns. 

2L. The shifting of the tone towards the end of a 
word tends to the shortening and dropping of 
vowels at the beginning, especially when such 
shifting is due to an addition at the end. 

22. In pause there is a tendency to shift the tone 
from the ultimate to the penult. 

23. A pause accent changes into seghol a simple 
shVa before the suffix ^ and in triliteral sylla- 
bles, and lengthens a short vowel. 

24. A conjunctive accent joins the word on which it 
stands more or less closely to what follows. A 
disjunctive separates it more or less from what 
follows. 

Methegh. 

25. (a) A syllable the second or fourth before the 
tone usually takes methegh, but a mixed syllable 
may fail to receive it or shift it to an antecedent 
pure syllable. 

(b) A pure syllable takes methegh if followed 
by a sh'va. 

(c) An intermediate syllable taks methegh also 
if followed by a compound sh'va, or by a vowel 
which has arisen from a compound shVa, and 
frequently also if followed by a simple shVa. 



Practical Use of Methegh. 

§ 26. We see, therefore, that such a word as - qa-t'lah 

must take methegh, thus — H /CDD* 

t : I it 

But qo^t'lah or even qot-lah, with like vowel 

signs, might take methegh, though as a matter of 

fact this would be unusual. 

>/ 
Hence in such a form as fPEDD the absence of 

t : It 

methegh proves the first syllable either mixed or 

intermediate [for, if simple, being followed by 

sh'va, it would take methegh by § 25 (i)], and, 

therefore, kamets short by § 30. 

But the presence of methegh would not prove 

the first syllable pure or kamets long, though 

there would be a strong presumption in favor of 

these inferences. In such a case the only sure 

guide is the development of the word. 

§ 27. In like manner we see that in such a form as 

^*T ("they shall see") the absence of methegh 

proves that the first syllable is either mixed or in- 
termediate [for, if pure, being followed by a shVa, 
it would take methegh by § 25 (b)] and, therefore, 
ehi-req, short by § 30. On the other hand, in 

^T we should have reason to suspect the first 

syllable to be pure, and, therefore, the meaning 
to be " they shall fear." In the manner are dis- 

/ / 

tinguished ^£/% " they shall repeat," and )}\tf\ 

" they shall sleep." 



Daghesh Lene. 

28. B'ghadh k'phath letters take daghesh lene when 
not preceded by a vowel sound in close connec- 
tion. 

(a) Also other consonants preceded by a vowel- 
less guttural in the same word take daghesh lene 
in some editions. 

(b) Final ka, kem, and ken never take daghesh 
lene. From this we infer that a preceding shVa 
is vocal. 

Mappiq and Eaphe. 

29. Daghesh lene, daghesh forte, and mappiq have 
a common design — viz., to indicate the strong 
sound of a letter. 

Map-piq (bringing out or uttering) in final p] 
shows that it is a consonant, and not a quiescent. 

Ka-phe (weak) denotes the opposite of daghesh 
lene, daghesh forte, or mappiq, as the case may be. 

Vowels. 

30. The vowels i and u and the sign t (qamets) are 
short in unaccented mixed, or in intermediate 
syllables. Otherwise they are long. 

These are called doubtful signs, to which we 
we may add shVa simple. 

(a) A defective chireq is frequently long, but a 
full one is rarely short. 

31. To determine the length of the doubtful vowel in 

such a form as i^JOH. Here it is short because 

: It 

in an unaccented mixed, or in an intermediate 
syllable. 



10 

We know that the syllable is either mixed or 
intermediate, for if pure it would take methegh 
by § 25 (b). 

§ 32. The sign t (qamets), if followed by a short " o " 
sound (either t or t:) is itself also very likely to 
be short "o," and must be, if sympathetic. 

(a) A vowel which conforms with another or 
with which another conforms is called " sympa- 
thetic" in this manual. 

§ 33. The pure vowels are 

The diphthongal vowels are 

This diagram means that e is formed by com- 
bining a and i; o is formed by combining a and u. 

(a) A change of quantity often involves a 
change of quality, more particularly in the case 
of the last four vowels — e and i, o and u. 

(b) In accented syllables, before a double con- 
sonant or before two consonants, diphthongal are 
preferred to the pure vowels i and u (and some- 
times even e is changed to a, e. g., n^CDD!"!' 

$Vep* -as*! from a©?- 

(c) In unaccented syllables before a doubled 
consonant, the pure vowels i and u are preferred 
to the diphthongal e and o. 

§ 34. An impure vowel is one in which a vowel letter 
quiesces, or after which a vowel letter has dropped 
out, or which contains the force of a daghesh. 

§ 35. A vowel letter is called otiant when it is not 
sounded and yet has no vowel in which to quiesce. 



11 

§ 36. The gutturals being closely akin to the " a" 
sound, have a strong preference for this vowel, 
especially before them. 

§ 37. A final vowelless guttural not preceded by an 
"a" sound takes pattach furtive (also a vowel- 
less guttural followed by a final vowelless conso- 
nant takes pattach furtive). 

§ 38. A guttural, especially if unaccented, between two 
"a-' v sounds will often cause one of them, more 
frequently the former, to become seghol (in order 
to give distinctness to the enunciation of the gut- 
tural). 

(a) Before j-j and T; (a) unaccented and before 

T T 

n (a) (not necessarily a pure syllable), and f], 
t t: 

the article is pointed with seghol, and in general 

a pattach is changed to seghol. 

§ 39. A guttural prefers a compound to a simple sh'va, 
and in particular -', unless there is a reason 
for preferring some other compound sh'va. Of 
course such a reason exists when the sh'va should 
conform with an " e " or an " o " sound. 

(a) A simple sh'va under a guttural is always 
silent. 

§ 40. An initial letter with sh'va when immediately be- 
fore the tone has preference for a pretonic vowel, 
especially qamets. 

§ 41. When, in consequence of changes, two vocal 
sh'vas concur, for the first a short vowel is sub- 
stituted (which may be called an auxiliary vowel). 



12 

1. If (a) both be simple [or (b) the first an un- 
sympathetic compound slrVa], i is substituted 
[(c) unless a reason exists for preferring a, or e, 
or o.] 

2. If the second be a compound sh'va the pre- 
vious syllable conforms, i. e., takes the homoge- 
neous vowel. 

3. If the first be (a) a characteristic or (b) a 
sympathetic compound sh'va, the chateph is sup- 
pressed (e. g., - : becomes -). 

Examples. — Of 1 (a): i^EDp becomes ">7jpp, 

^D3 becomes "H23. 

Of 1 (b): 'HDS? becomes "Hptf. 

Of 1 (c): ^^12 becomes ^jJD* because pat- 
tach was its primitive vowel; also ^yQH be- 
comes ^JJCfl* because the "a," sound charac- 
terizes H interrogative; cf. 3 (a) of the above rule. 

Of 2: iDIT becomes HDJTj ^HlJ becomes 

TlPHX Dent. xxx. 4. 

Of 3 (a): toypu becomes £ }?£(!; cf. 1 f» 

above. 

Of 3 (5): n^yn becomes HDJJn* biW be- 
' : ■*: -|- • : - r v: v: 

comes ^riN. 

§ 42. When two simple sh'vas concur at the beginning 
of a word, chireq is commonly substituted for the 
first. [It will be observed that this rule is a 
repetition of § 41, 1 (a).] 



13 

43. A final vowelless consonant does not take sh'va, 
but if preceded by another vowelless consonant 
they both take sh'va. 

Maqqeph. 

44. Maqqeph removes the tone from the "preceding 
word. If thereby a long vowel is left in a mixed 
syllable, being toneless, it must be shortened by 
§ 10. 

Nouns. 

45. Before the plural terminations and sometimes be- 
fore the dual, segholates take pretonic qamets 
and drop their first vowel. 

46. Segholates revert to their primitive form — 

(a) in the singular before all suffixes; 

(b) before the termination p] t; 

(c) in the construct dual and plural; 

(d) usually in the dual absolute. 

Eemark 1. — This rule takes precedence when 
conflicting with other rules, except § 49 Eemark. 

Remark 2. — (c) is used in the application of 
§ 41, 1,-the construct of the plural and some- 
times of the dual being formed from the absolute 
by applying § 49 (b). 

47. Before the plural and dual terminations, and be- 
fore the feminine termination p| t, the following 
changes take place — 

(a) In the ultimate, tsere is rejected, except in 
a monosyllable, or in a syllable preceded by 
qamets. 



14 

(b) In the penult, qamets and tsere are re- 
jected, unless in the resulting form they remain 
pretonic. 

Kemark 1. — Before the dual termination, the 
feminine singular reverts to its primitive termi- 
nation p. 

In all other cases the above terminations are 
added to the absolute singular masculine, which 
is assumed, if necessary. 

Remark 2. — By the ultimate and penult in the 
above rule are meant, of course, the ultimate and 
penult of the noun before the addition in ques- 
tion is made. 

§ 48. The ending j"J v of nouns is dropped before ad- 
ditions. 

Kemark.: — This rule takes precedence when 
conflicting with other rules. 

Construct State. 

§ 49. The construct state of each number is formed 
from its respective absolute. 

(a) In a mixed final syllable, qamets is short- 
ened to pattach, and so is tsere if preceded by 
qamets. 

(b) Qamets and tsere before the tone are re- 
jected. 

Remark. — Sh'va is vocal in the construct plu- 
ral and dual when arising from dropping a pre- 
tonic vowel. 

§ 50. Medi 1 ) frequently quiesces in choiem, and me- 
dial ^ in tsere in the construct and before addi- 
tions. 



15 

Befobe Suffixes. 

§ 51. Before the grave suffixes (kern, ken, hem, and 
hen), all nouns take construct state. 

§ 52. Before light suffixes, feminine nouns, singular 
and plural, take construct state. 

§ 53. Before light suffixes, masculine nouns, singular 
and plural, take the same form as before the ab- 
solute plural termination. 

§ 54. Before light suffixes, dual nouns take the same 
form as before the absolute dual termination. 

Remark. — In applying §§ 52 and 53, a noun is 
treated as masculine unless it has a distinctively 
feminine termination. 

Vekbs. 

§ 55. If the future qal is middle a, the imperative is 
middle a. 

[(a) The imperative of each species is from the 
primitive form of its respective future by drop- 
ping the prefix of the future, and the future is 
from the infinitive construct by prefixing ^ and 

contracting, if necessary; cf. the pointing of the 
excluded article. 

§ 56. Verbs ayin guttural, lamedh guttural, and la- 
medh aleph have middle a in the future and im- 
perative qal. 

§ 57. In verbs lamedh guttural, tsere before the gut- 
tural is changed to pattach, except in the infini- 
tive absolute, and participle, and in pause. 



16 

§ 58. In verbs pe nun — 

(a) When the nun is pointed with silent sh'va, 
the nun is usually dropped, and the next letter 
takes daghesh to compensate. 

(b) The nun of the qal imperative is usually- 
dropped if middle a, very seldom if middle o. 

(c) Nun is dropped in qal infinitive construct 
of but few verbs, and then the infinitive takes 
the feminine termination p\, and is of segholate 
formation. 

§ 59. In verbs ayin ayin, the second radical frequently 
disappears by way of contraction, and its vowel 
is given to the first. 

§ 60. In verbs ayin vav and ayin yodh, the middle radi- 
cal gives its vowel to the first, and then either 

(a) disappears, or 

(b) unites with this vowel to form a diph- 
thongal vowel, or 

(c) quiesces in it after changing it to the vowel 
most akin to the second radical (the semi-vowel 
vav being most nearly akin to ii, and yodh to I). 

§ 61. In verbs ayin ayin and ayin vav the preformative 
usually takes a long vowel in the future qal, pre- 
terite niphal, and throughout hiphil and hophal 
(when not affected by the shifting of the tone; 
but when so affected the vowel is dropped, if mu- 
table). 

Remark. — This rule is not fundamental, but 
serves to illustrate the application of other rules, 
e. g., of §§ 10 and 40. 



17 

62. In verbs ayin ayin, before an affix beginning with 
a nun or tav, an epenthetic vowel is added — viz., 
) in the preterite, ^ in the future and impera- 
tive. 

(a) This usually occurs also in the future qal 
and preterites niphal and hiphil of verbs ayin vav. 

63. 1. In verbs pe yodh, properly pe vav, there are 
two subdivisions in qal future, imperative, and 
infinitive construct. 

(a) In the first subdivision, the yodh of the 
root is dropped in these parts; the preformative 
of the future has tsere, and the infinitive con- 
struct has the ending ft, and is of segholate for- 
mation. 

(b) In the second subdivision, the yodh of the 
root is retained in these parts, the future has a 
middle a, and its preformative has chireq. 

2. The vav is restored in niphal, hiphil, and 
hophal. 

64. 1. In verbs lamedh he, before an affix beginning 
with nun or tav, the original i remains, but is 
quiescent. In the future and imperative it qui- 
esces in seghol; in the preterite qal, in chireq; 
in the preterites pual and hophal, in tsere; in the 
preterites of the other species, in chireq or tsere. 

2. Before an affix beginning with a vowel and 
before a suffix, the last radical and the preceding 
vowel usually fall away, as also !"| v of nouns 
drops out before additions, cf. § 48. 

65. 1. The jussive of a future whose last vowel is i 
or u is obtained by a change to the corresponding 
diphthongal vowel. 



18 

2. The jussive is not used with additions at the 
end. 

§ 66. By examining the verb qatal, it is seen that the 
addition of a vowel as affix (except in hiphil) 
causes the middle radical to lose its vowel. This 
analogy is not followed when involving the loss 
of a radical. 

(a) But if this vowel is capable of taking the 
tone, a pause accent preserves it, and lengthens 
it, if short. 

§ 67. Before additions, primitive forms are often re- 
stored. In particular, before suffixes the primi- 
tive forms of verbs are restored. 

Syktax. 

§ 68. 73 indefinite in a negative sentence makes the 
negation universal. 

§ 69. As regards the order of subject and predicate 
(e.g., in such a sentence as— The boy is good) 
the general rule is that the more emphatic word 
precedes. Hence a predicate adjective (because 
usually regarded as more emphatic than the sub- 
ject) usually precedes the subject. 

§ 70. A qualifying adjective follows its noun, and 
takes the article, if the noun is definite. 

§ 71. The force of the infinitive construct, imperative, 
and participle is often carried on by the future or 
preterite. 



19 

Q'ri and K'thibh. 

72. Hebrew manuscripts were originally written with 
consonants only, without any Massoretic points. 
This writing was called the k'thibh, i. e., writ- 
ten. Another name for it is the Text. In most 
cases the text is pronounced with the Massoretic 
points attached to it. The Massoretic points are 
the vowels, daghesh forte, daghesh lene, the dia- 
critical point, mappiq, and raphe. 

When the Massorites thought an emendation 
necessary, as they did not dare to disturb the 
text, they usually placed a circle over the word 
in question, and placed in the margin the conso- 
nants of the word which they proposed to substi- 
tute. This marginal reading is called the Q'ri — 
L e., "read." It is pronounced with the Masso- 
retic points attached to, but not belonging to the 
Text. How the K'thibh or word in the Text is 
to be pronounced is not indicated. The points 
proper for its pronunciation must be supplied 
from one's knowledge of the language. 

Note that the emended word in the Text, if 
pronounced with the Massoretic points there at- 
tached to it, is usually no part of speech, but a 
mere mixture of K'thibh and the points of Q'ri. 

Note also that as regards pronunciation the 
distinction between Q'ri and K'thibh may be, 1st, 
in both consonants and points; 2d, in consonants 
only; or, 3d, in points only. 



20 



§ 73. SOME PRIMITIVE FORMS. 



Cf. §§ 6 and 67. 

-IS..V- 

( Dv 

2. rn*o *$k of m 

3- 7CDD °^ 7tDD ( see remark below). 

*• (r6op) nbiDp of r^epp 

5- "'pbop ° f nb^P* cf - 2 above - 

6. Dim^bp of D^Dp 

7. TWofWp ) 

, l chireq auxiliary, § 41. 

8. topj of to£g j 

9. ^p of ^p 

io. ^cppn of ^£pn 

ii nolo ° f nolo ( cf - 4 of this table )- 

T 

Remark on § 73, 3. — In qal preterite, the first 
radical drops its vowel when it ceases to be pre- 
tonic, owing to the addition of a suffix or of a 
mixed affix (i. e., of an affix consisting of a mixed 
syllable), cf. §§ 21 and 67. 



21 



DEVELOPMENTS. 



74. In developing a form proceed from left to right. 

(a) In developing a verb follow the analogy of 

/DD so ^ ar as ^° obtain the simplest form of the 
- It 

tense or mode in question — L e., the 3d sing. masc. 

(in the imperative, the 2d sing. masc. ). To obtain 

the remaining persons and number, make the 

proper additions to the form thus obtained — 

e. g.y to develop the hiph. pret. 2d plur. masc. 

of 23D we do not begin by writing down 

DPvDpPI ^ or guidance, but start with its sim- 
plest form — i. e., the 3d sing. masc. ^EJpjTJ 
Following the analogy of this we have 2^2Dn 
Applying the proper principles we obtain 2 DPI 
Now adding Qp and applying the proper princi- 
ples we get DfQpn 

(i) In developing a noun, indicate what is in- 
volved, leaving blanks to be filled in reverse or- 
der — e. g. y let us assume the form -p3 to be a 

T T 

noun meaning horse, then indicating what ac- 
cording to rules is involved, we have the follow- 
ing to obtain my mares. 

1 plur. fern, with light suffix; 

2 est. plur. fern.; 



22 

3 abs. plur. fern.; 
4. abs. sing. masc. 

Then starting with the last (which is given), 
viz., *"P3 we fill up the blanks in reverse order — 

T T 

i. e., from below up. The numbers indicate the 
order of the steps. 

1 plur. fern, with light suffix, ^fH /2 * 

2 est. plur. fern., . . . riT^2 3 

3 abs. pi. fern., . . . fH/3 2 

t : 

4 abs. sing, masc, . . . "1^3 1 



EXAMPLES IN DEVELOPMENTS. 

Nouns. 
Assuming "P3 to be a noun, meaning horse, 

T T 

develop the following: 

§ 75. My horse. This involves the following steps: 

1 sing. masc. with light suffix, ^T^ 3. § 53. 

• t : 

2 abs. pi. masc, . . D v "6? 2. § 47 (b) 

3 abs. sing, masc , . *l/3 1- 



T T 

§ 76. My horses. 

/ 



1 pi. masc. with light suffix, "H^S 3. § 53. 



23 

2 abs. pi. masc, . . DH^3 2. §47(6) 

3 abs. sing, masc, . *1/3 1- 

T T 

77. Your horse. 

1 sing. masc. with grave, Din ;?3 3. § 51 and 

§28. 

2 est. sing, masc., . *P3 2. § 49 (a) and (5). 

3 abs. sing, masc, . *P3 1. 

T T 

78. Your horses. 

1 pi. masc with grave suffix, QD^T /3 4. § 51. 

2 est. pi. masc, v^3 3. § 41, 1 (a) & § 49 Rem. 

3 abs. pi. masc, . . D'H.fe) & § 47 (5) 

r/ 

4 abs. sing, masc, . . *"P3 !• 

T T 

79. My mare. 

1 sing. fern, with light suffix, ^H^^ 4. § 52.* 

2 est. sing, fern., . . tt*fej 3. § 41, 1 (a) 

(n*fe) §49(5). 
* Tone by § 16, hence kamets by § 10 (a). 



24 



3 abs. sing, fern., . . PH^ 2. § 47 (i). 

4 abs. sing, masc, . "H3 1- 



80. My mares. 

1 pi. fern, with light suffix, ^1^3 4. § 52. 

2 est. pi. fern., fi^S 3 - § 41 > !(«)&§ 4 9 Rem. 

trvfep). § 49 (*)• 

3 abs. pi. fern., . . fH^S 2. § 47 (5). 

t : 

4 abs. sing, masc, . . "H3 1. 



§ 81. Your mare. 

1 sing. fern, with grave suffix, Q^ni /3 4. § 51 

and § 28. 

2 est. sing, fern., . Dlh^i 3 - § 41, 1 («)• 

(n^3) § 49 (5). 

3 abs. sing, fern., . . pp!;?? 2. § 47 (i). 

4 abs. sing, masc, . 1/3 !• 

T T 

§ 82. Your mares. 

1 pi. fern, with grave suffix, 33" , m /3 4. § 51. 



25 

/> 



% est. pi. fem., fllb? 3 - § 41 > 1 («) & § 49 Kern. 

3 abs. pi. fem., . . ■ frbl 2- § 47 (5). 

t : 

4 abs. sing, masc, . *1 /3 !• 



TT 



§ 83. My twin horses. 

1 dual masc. with light suffix, *H^3 3. § 54. 

-t : 

2 abs. dual masc, . . Q^S 2. § 47 (5). 

• -t : 



3. abs. sing, masc, . . \?3 !• 

T T 

84. Your twin horses. 

1 dual masc with grave suffix, □^"173 ^ § 51* 

2 est. dual masc, "H^3 3. § 41, 1 (a) & § 49 Kenu 

Hfe?) §« (J). 

3 abs. dual masc, . Q'Hbs 2. § 47 (5). 

• - t : 

4 abs. sing, masc, . "1 /3 !• 



TT 



§ 85. My twin mares. 

t : " 



1 dual fem. with light suffix, ^fP^S 4 - § 54 - 



26 

2 abs. dual fern., . D^H^S 3. § 41, 1 (a). 

• •-■ t : ■ 

(D^n-feS) § ^> Rem. 1 & (5), 

• - t: : 

3 abs. sing. fern. pr. form, . 0*1^3 2. 

-t ; 

(rrhs § 47 *). 

t t : 

4 abs. sing, masc, . . . 1 7 3 1. 



86. Your twin mares. 

/ 



1 dual fern, with grave suffix, Q 3 Til /3 5. § 51. 

2 est. dual fern., . . ^^3 *• § 49 (5). 

3 abs. dual fern,, . Q^n^ /3 3 - § 41 > 1 (a). 

• - t : • 

(D n m^3) § 47, Rem. 1 & (b) & § 10. 
• - t : : 

4 abs. sing. fern. pr. form, . H*! /3 2. 

(rnte« §«»). 

T _ 

5 abs. sing, masc., . . *1"?3 1. 



T T 



Segholates. 

Assuming the form *"j 73 with primitive vowel 
pattahh to mean horse, develop the following. 



27 
§ 87. My horse. 

1 sing. masc. with light suffix, ^73 2. § 46 (a) 

& E. 1. 

2 primitive form, . . "1/3 !• 

§ 88. My horses. 

1 pi. masc. with light suffix, "^3 3. § 53. 

2 abs. pi. masc, . . 3^3 2. § 45. 

• t : 

3 abs. sing, masc, . . *"173 !• 

§ 89. Your horse. 

1 sing. masc. with grave suffix, 33^73 2. § 46 

(a) & Rem. 1. 

2 primitive form, . . . "173 1- 

§ 90. Your horses. 

1 pi. masc. with grave suffix, 3^173 4. § 51. 

2 est. pi. masc, ("H^S § 49 5), ^3 3. § 41, 

1 (c), § 46 (c), and § 49, Rem. 

3 abs. pi. masc and pr. form, 3^*1/3 2. § 45. 

4 abs. sing, masc, . . . 173 !• 



28 

91. My mare. 

1 sing. fern, with light suffix, ^fH/S 4. § 52. 

* t : - 

2 est. sing, fern., . . n^^3 3. § 49. 

3 abs. sing, fern., m^S 3. § 46 {b) & Kern. 1. 

4 primitive form, . . "H aD 1- 

92. My mares. 

1 pi. fern, with light suffix, ^fH 1 ^ 4. § 52. 

2 est. pi. fern., (fH^ § 49, J), fll^S 3 - § 4 V 

1 (c), § 46 (c), and § 49, Eem. 

3 abs. pi. fern, andpr. form, ^*l73 2. § 45. ^73 

r < 

4 abs. smg. masc, . . T /3 1- 

93. Your mare. 

1 sing. fern, with grave suffix, Q^n^/S 4. § 51 

and § 28. 

2 est. sing, fern., . . D 1^3 3 - § 49. 

3 abs. sing, fern., m^S 2. § 46 (J), & Rem. 1. 

t : - 

4 primitive form, . . . ^173 1. 



29 

94. Your mares. 

/ 



1 pi. fem. with grave suffix, □5^*"! /3 ^ 

fc. pi. fern. (m /( ?3 § 49, b) j 
1 (c), § 46 (c), and § 49 Rem. 

4 abs. sing, masc, . . . *H3 1. 
95. My twin horses. 



2 est. pi. fem. (fl4>3 § 49, b) fi-fo 3. § 41, 



3 abs. pi. fem. andpr. form, ^"1^3 2. § 45. "173 



1 dual masc. with light suffix, ^^y)3 3. § 54. 

2 abs. dual masc, Q'H'jS 2. § 46 (d) & Rem. 1. 

3 pr. form., . . . 1^3 1« 

§ 96. 1. Your twin horses. 

1 dual masc. with grave suffix, Q^l/S 4. § 51. 

2 est. dual masc, . ^^3 3. § 49 & 46 (c). 

/ L 

3 abs. dual masc and pr. form, Q^73 2. § 46 

(d) and Eem., ^73 

4 pr. form, . . . . * r f?3 1- 

2. If the absolute dual have pretonic kamets, 
as it sometimes has, § 36, the development is as follows: 



30 

1 dual masc. with grave suffix, Q^T 72 4. § 51. 

2 est. dual masc. CH^j § 49 (J), & Eem.) 'H^ 
3. § 41, 1 (c), § 46 (c), & § 49, Eemark. 

3 abs. dual masc. and pr. form, Q^"P3 2. § 45, 

4 abs. sing, masc., . . . *1^3 1. 

§ 97. My twin mares. 

1 dual fern, with light suffix, ^HT /3 4. § 54. 

- t : - 

2 abs. dual fern., . QTH^ 3 - § 47, Eem. 1. 

3 abs. sing. fern. pr. form, H^73 2. 

4 pr. form, . . . ^03 1. 

§ 98. Your twin mares. 

1 dual fern, with grave suffix, DITrH/S 5 - §51. 

2 dual fern, est., . . ^"1^3 4. § 49 (i). 

3 abs. dual, fern., D^rH^3 3 - § 47, Eem. 1. 



31 



4 abs. sing. fern. pr. form, H :P3 2 - (rH/3 

§46 6). 

5 pr. form, . . . ^1^3 !• 

§ 99. To develop ^J from ^ 

The addition ) takes tone by § 16. This would 
give *J72 But the root being 773, the 7 must 
take daghesh to represent the second 7 This 
would give )y2> which by §§ 10 and 33 (c) be- 



comes )y^ 



Vekbs. 
With suffixes. See §§ 67 and 74. 

§ 100. To develop *h®0 From § 73 > 3 > we have ^r> 
t): -I: 

Adding !)j"| and connecting vowel of pret., 
^n^Dp Tone by § 18 « B J § 10 we have 

irPEDD' which by contraction becomes (a -f- u 
t t): 

(a). By a like contraction ^HH /CDp = iHvEOp 

iVb^. — TV, y, and sometimes h coming be- 
tween two vowels are sometimes lost in the 
vowel stream surrounding them. 



32 

101. To develop fi^EDD 
tt): 

From § 73, 3, we have 70p Adding n and 
connecting vowel of pret. H/JDp Tone by 
§ 18. By § 10 we have n^CDD To avoid the 

TT t) : 

recurrence of so many successive "a" sounds, 
the last one is dropped, and a mappik is placed 
in p| to indicate its character as a consonant 



''TT, 



102. To develop ^plbop From § 73, 3, we have 
/IDp Adding f\ - the old feminine termina- 
tion,' nblDp § 73 -' 4 - Tone by § 17 {a). Add- 
ing !)j"| and accenting by § 18, lengthening 
vowel of CD by § 10, ^"IH /CDp which by con- 
traction become ^pVPlDD 

- t 1: ./ 
(a) In like manner npPOp contracts into 

103. To develop Qn^CDD By § 73, 3, we have 

L 7 " TT ' : 

hEQD which by the addition of the old feminine 

-Xi L / 

ending £) - becomes H /Op § ?3, 4. On add- 
ing the suffix Q the question arises whether to 
use a or a as the union vowel. Now, in either 
case we should have an asyllabic addition to a 
verb as suffix, which by § 17 (b) draws the tone 



33 

forward (only) one syllable, and, therefore, not 
far enough to reach the union vowel. The lat- 
ter, therefore, by § 10, cannot be a. Hence we 

have QH/CDp which by § 10 (b) becomes 

DoVtDp 



104. To develop ^p^Op By § 73, 5, we have 
ifyptbp which by the addition of V| becomes 

105. To develop ^n^Qp B J § ? 3 > 6 > we nave 
Qir^CDp Adding ^J and rejecting Q for eu- 
phony, ■girfoop 

106. To develop ^EDD Starting with ^QJJ (inf. 

• : It ]: 

est.), and adding 1 . we have, after the analogy 

?/ 
of § 66, ^EDp which by § 41, 1 (c), on account 

of the dropped " o" sound, becomes *»"pgpp, 
the first syllable being intermediate, §§ 2 and 3. 

Verbs Pe Guttural. 

/ 

107. To develop ^IDJ? 9*1 imperative. After the 

analogy of 7[^p we should have ^\f2V which 



34 

by § 39 becomes *ifoV Adding ^ . we have by 
§ 66 "Hpi? which by § 41, 1 (i) becomes "Hp^ 
the first syllable being intermediate. 

108. To develop ^C^ After the analogy of ^£PP 

:'i- / 1:: 

§ 73, 7, we should have *iJ2)]\ which by § 39 

becomes *lftJ7% which by § 41, 2, becomes 

iD^j methegh by § 25 (c). The first syllable 

is intermediate. Adding ), by § 66 we have 

npjT, which by § 41, 3 (5), becomes Vlptp 

The first two syllables are intermediate. 

109. To develop np#J- After the analogy of btQpl 
§ 73, 8, we should have ip^J which, by § 39 

/ 
and § 41, 2, would become *1DJ? J. But as the re- 
currence of so many successive " a " sounds is 
avoided when they are not essential, •.■: is used, 
being the compound sh'va next akin to - :. We 

thus have 'HPTJJ. Adding \ by § 66 we have 

/ -7:iv * / 

nP.Stt* which, by § 41, 3 (b), becomes HD^l 
(a) In like manner is developed ^IplPP' 



§ 110. To develop H^Tp. After the analogy of ^ftp^ 

"*t\~ / "It- 

we should expect ^XQ^- But the guttural not 



35 

being able to take daghesh, and the preceding 
vowel being lengthened in consequence, the lat- 
ter becomes tsere by § 33 (a). 

§ 111. To develop -ppyn After the analogy of 
l / € v: iv / 

TlDpn we should have TD^M- B y § 39, y 

should take a compound sh/Va. But as this 
vowel should be homogeneous with that of the 
preformative, and as there is no such compound 
sh'va as chateph-chireq, the preformative takes 
the vowel next akin to chireq, viz., seghol, 
which has a homogeneous compound shVa. We 

/ 
thus get Tb$n« 



§ 112. To develop PHP^n- After tne analogy of 

l / T T T IT / 

/JDDn we should have ^ft^H- S J § 39, tne 

shVa conforming with the short " o" sound, we 

/ 
have "IpUH. Adding j-| T we have, by § 66, 

"t:it 
mDi^n^ which by § 41, 3 (ft) becomes nTD^H- 
t Tt: t t : t it 



VEEBS AYIK GrUTTUEAL. 

113. To develop ^n^* Following the analogy of 

' " : r 
^COp ^ n ^ ne pointing of its first radical, but § 56 

in the vowel of its second radical, we have tont^* 

Adding 1 . and applying § 66, w r e have ^COflE^ 

which by § 41, 2, becomes ^ !"!£/• 



36 

/ 



114. To develop 71*12- By analogy of /J2p we 
should have 7]^Q- But, owing to the inability 



of ■") to take daghesh forte, chireq is lengthened, 
and by § 33 (a) becomes tsere, thus giving TpQ. 

§ 115. To develop TJ^3. After the analogy of 7J2p 
we should have Tj^2. But, owing to the ina- 
bility of ^ to take ' daghesh forte, qibbuts is 
lengthened, and by § 33 (a) becomes cholem, 

thus giving 7|^3. 

Verbs Pe Nm. 

§ 116. To develop ffi 3p|. After the analogy of T^DH 

/ • 1: " 

we should have £f^jn> which by § 58 (a) be- 

/ 
comes Ef^rj. 

§ 117. To develop £faT|. By analogy of ^CDpH we 
should have J^jn, which by § 58 (a) becomes 

/ - : T / 

\tf$r\> an( i this by § 33 ( c ) becomes J^jri- 
Verbs Ayin Doubled. 

§ 118. To develop Qnl3D- By analogy of ^Qp (§ 73, 
3), we should have 2DD> which by § 59 becomes 



37 

2D* Adding Qp, and 1 by § 62, and inserting 
daghesh on account of the omitted 2, we have 

119. To develop nrSDH- B y analogy of ^tDiT 

(§ 73, 7), we should have 32D^> which by § 59 

becomes ^D^> and this SD 1 § ^0. Attaching 

: T / 

the proper prefix and affix, we have HJiDFV 

t : t 
which by § 62 becomes nj^DH (tone by § 18, 

T V T 

and daghesh on account of the omitted 3). 
Applying § 33 (c), and dropping pretonic 
qamets, because J^ is no longer immediately be- 

/ 
fore the tone (cf. also § 21), we have n^P2DrV 



120. To develop Hl2DJ- After the analogy of ^tQDJ 
(§ 73, 8), we shouid have 21201 which by § 59 

becomes 2D<3> and this 3DJ § *0- Adding p, 

- : - i m / t 

and cholem by § 62, we have HISD^l (tone by 

§ 18, and daghesh to compensate for the omitted 
2). Dropping pretonic qamets because J is no 
longer immediately before the tone (cf. also 

§ 21), we have ril3D^- 



121. To develop nlSDH- % analogy of ^CDDH 



36 

we should have ^SQHj which by § 59 be- 
comes ^DPI* an( i this by § 33 (b) (3 being 
doubled here) becomes 2DHj which by § 10 be- 
comes 3DH- Adding p, applying § 62, aceent- 
.. .. T 

ing, and applying § 33 (c) and § 21, we have 
t • ~: 

/ 

§ 122. To develop nrJDDFV After the analogy of 

L / tv-: / 

/^Cp 1 we should have ^20^ which by § 59 

becomes ^D^ an( ^ this by § 33 (i) (3 being 
doubled here) becomes 2D^ which by § 10 be- 
comes 2D^- Attaching the proper prefix and 

• T / 

affix, we have nj^DPl which by § 62 becomes 

/ t : - t 

n^SDH (tone by § 18 and daghesh on account 

T V " T 

of omitted 2)« Applying 33 (c), and dropping 
pretonic qamets, because J^ is no longer imme- 
diately before the tone (cf. also § 21), we have 

nraon- 

t v • : 

/ 
§ 123. To develop ^^D* 1 - § -^ shows us how to ob- 
tain 2D^- Adding the suffix, and the connect- 

" J 

ing vowel of the future, we have "^^D* 1 (tone 

. .. .. T 

by § 18). Inserting daghesh on account of the 

omitted 2? a Pplyi n g § 33 ( c )> an( i dropping 

qamets, because no longer immediately before 

the tone (cf. also § 21), we have ^3Q\ 



39 

124. To develop 3Dlil- By analogy of 7E3pn we 
-/ "I: t 

should have 33011* which by § 59 becomes 

- : t / 

3DH* an( ^ this by § 10 becomes 3D1IT 



Vekbs Ayik Vav. 

/ 

125. To develop DD^V Adding 1 to the qal inf. 

/ ITT" :/ 

Dip ^y § ^ ( a )> we nave Dip* 1 * which by § 40 

becomes Dip'' ( c ^ a ^ so 61). Vav conversive re- 
quires the jussive form, and this by § 65, 1, is 
Dip" 1 * Prefixing the vav, accenting by § 14, and 
applying § 10, we have DD^I- 

1TT- 

/ 

126. To develop njOD- § 125 gives the development 

t : I 
of the qal fut., from which, by dropping the 

prefix (§ 55, a), we get the imperative Dip- 
Adding |-|J accenting by § 18, and applying § 

33 (5), wegetplJOp- 

127. To develop DlDJ- After tlie analogy of ^CDDJ 

It / -»: : 

§ 73, 8, we should have QlpJ, which by § 60 be- 
comes plpjj an( i then D y § 60 (S) Dip J* an( ^ 
this by § 40 ' Qipi 

128. To develop Q^pn. After the analogy of ^EDDi! 
we should have D^lpil* which by § 60 becomes 



40 

/ 
QVpn> and then by § 60 (a) D^pH* an ^ ^ s by 

129. To develop Qfl^V Adding i to the hiph. inf. 

/ Ivt- : / 

D^DH by § 55 {a) we have Q^jjppj and by con " 
v t • -t : 

traction, after the analogy of the excluded arti- 

cle, Qphi^- Vav conversive requires the jussive 

N / 

form, and this by § 65, 1, is Qp^. Prefixing the 

vav, accenting by § 14, and applying § 10, we 

get Dfgj: 

130. To develop DDJIH- Aft er the analogy of ^CDpH 

/ / . 

we should have Qinpi, and then by § 60 DIP)!"] 

-1:t / : :)-t 

which by § 60 (a) becomes []Dn, and then by 

/ l-T 

§ io own- 



Veebs Pe Yodh Pe. Pe Vav. (See § 63. ) 

131. To develop 3ttftJ. After the analogy of bopj 

(§ 73, 8) we should have 3EftJ. By § 41, 1 (V) 

we should expect 2E?13- But as i and u (the u 

being represented here by the semi-vowel vav) 
cannot combine (§ 33), and i is not here an es- 
sential or characteristic vowel, but only an ac- 
cidental or auxiliary vowel, while pattach, the 
next shortest vowel, can combine with u, there- 



41 

fore pattach is substituted as the auxiliary vowel, 

/. /. 

thus giving 2E/1J> an( l by combination 22/ U- 



132. To develop 3^2/lTI (preterite). By analogy of 
T'QpH we should have 2^2Jftn« But as i and u 
cannot combine (§ 33), we resort to the primi- 
tive pointing 3^2/lH (§ 73, 10), which by com- 

bination gives 2^1n« 

133. To develop 2^)n- By analogy of ^OT\ we 

- / " I : t 

should have 2E^in- By the quiescence of vav 

- :t / 

in the " o " sound, we have 3]#in> which by 

/ ~ T 

§ 10 becomes ^£^i"V 



Yekbs Properly Pe Yodh. 

134. To develop TCP?- After the analogy of 7^p^ 
we should have ^DD^ which by combination 
(§ 33) gives yg)^, the second yodh in this 
last word being merely a quiescent. 

Verbs Lamedh He. 

135. To develop JlS-J. By analogy of 7230 we should 

xj T "It 

have "»73 with its original yodh. Adding !), and 

~T ,/ 

applying § 66 we have ^73 (tone by § 17 [a], § 8 



42 
[a] and [#] and § 9 [a]), -which by § 64. 2 becomes 

T 

Remark. Note that if the word were milel it 
would be the same part of the root ^3 or "Pjj. 
The singular being ^ the addition of ) disturbs 

T 

no vowel, but leaves the tone were it was, thus 

hi 

T 

136. To develop ^p. After the analogy of hlDD\ 
except that these verbs are properly middle a in the 
future, we have vj\ which by combination, § 33 
(i being represented here by the semi-vowel 
yodh), becomes j"| /J% i"l being merely a quies- 
cent here. Apocopating gives us 7^ which by 

§ 33 (l) may become 7^. Taking a helping 

/ • • 
vowel it becomes 7^, tone by § 9 (b) and § 15. 



Remark. By the same combination the noun 
/."■ /. 

^T&? becomes rn&'« 

- T VT 



§ 137. To develop 1j"|\ § 136 shows us the development 
so far as JTrP* Apocopating gives lj"p. Final 

yodh, being more difficult to pronounce without a 
vowel than initial yodh, attracts and quiesces in 



43 

the homogeneous vowel chireq, which the first yodh 

/ 
surrenders. We thus get 1pp. 

138. To develop ^niT^ hithpalelof nnttf* in which 
- : • tt 

conjugation the last radical is doubled, thus — 
77E0prV> instead of the middle as in biSprV* 

the hithpael. After the analogy, then, of 

//EDpiV (except that the guttural takes, as 

usual, compound shVa, and that the last radical 
vav conforms to the laws of lamedh he verbs, 
and so the second vav here disappears) we have 

mn^rVj which by metathesis becomes Dill f1t£^* 
Apocopating we have ini^w^* I n order to aid 

in the pronunciation, vav is here softened into its 
homogeneous vowel u (shureq), which, being here 
a helping vowel, does not take tone, § 9 (b). We 

thus get mfW 1 



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